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@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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{
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public class Cylinder : IComponent
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{
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// Public ports
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public Port IntakePort { get; }
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public Port ExhaustPort { get; }
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public Crankshaft Crankshaft { get; }
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@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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public double ConRodLength { get; }
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public double CompressionRatio { get; }
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// Valve timings (degrees, 0 = TDC compression, 720° full cycle)
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// Valve timings
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public double IVO { get; }
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public double IVC { get; }
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public double EVO { get; }
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@@ -31,51 +30,48 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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public double MaxExhaustArea { get; set; } = 0.0005;
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// Ignition and combustion
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public double SparkAdvance { get; set; } = 20.0; // °BTDC
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public double SparkAdvance { get; set; } = 20.0;
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public double WiebeA { get; set; } = 5.0;
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public double WiebeM { get; set; } = 2.0;
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public double WiebeDuration { get; set; } = 60.0; // degrees
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public double WiebeStart { get; set; } = 5.0; // degrees after spark
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public double WiebeDuration { get; set; } = 60.0;
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public double WiebeStart { get; set; } = 5.0;
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// Fuel
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public double StoichiometricAFR { get; set; } = 14.7;
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public double FuelLowerHeatingValue { get; set; } = 44e6; // J/kg
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public double FuelLowerHeatingValue { get; set; } = 44e6;
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// Heat loss
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public double CylinderWallArea { get; set; } = 0.02; // m²
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public double HeatTransferCoefficient { get; set; } = 100.0; // W/(m²·K)
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public double AmbientTemperature { get; set; } = 300.0; // K
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public double CylinderWallArea { get; set; } = 0.02;
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public double HeatTransferCoefficient { get; set; } = 100.0;
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public double AmbientTemperature { get; set; } = 300.0;
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// State (public for drawing)
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// State
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public double Volume => cylinderVolume;
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public double Pressure => (Gamma - 1.0) * cylinderEnergy / Math.Max(cylinderVolume, 1e-12);
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public double Temperature => Pressure / Math.Max(Density * GasConstant, 1e-12);
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public double Density => cylinderMass / Math.Max(cylinderVolume, 1e-12);
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public double Mass => cylinderMass;
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public double Density => Mass / Math.Max(cylinderVolume, 1e-12);
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public double Mass => _airMass + _exhaustMass;
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public double AirFraction => _airMass / Math.Max(Mass, 1e-12);
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public double PistonFraction => (cylinderVolume - clearanceVolume) / SweptVolume;
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private double cylinderVolume;
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private double cylinderMass;
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private double cylinderEnergy;
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private double _airMass;
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private double _exhaustMass;
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private double trappedAirMass;
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private double fuelMass;
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private double burnFraction; // 0–1
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private double burnFraction;
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private bool combustionActive;
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private bool fuelInjected;
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// --- Debounce flag: allows combustion only below a certain temperature ---
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private bool _canCombust = true;
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private const double CombustionEnableTemperature = 800.0; // K – must cool below this to re‑arm
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private const double Gamma = 1.4;
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private const double GasConstant = 287.0;
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// Absolute safety limits
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private const double MaxPressurePa = 200e5; // 200 bar
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private const double MaxTemperatureK = 3500.0; // 3500 K
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private const double MaxPressurePa = 200e5;
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private const double MaxTemperatureK = 3500.0;
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public Cylinder(double bore, double stroke, double conRodLength, double compressionRatio,
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double ivo, double ivc, double evo, double evc, double initialRPM = 1000)
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double ivo, double ivc, double evo, double evc, Crankshaft crankshaft)
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{
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Bore = bore;
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Stroke = stroke;
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@@ -86,10 +82,12 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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EVO = evo;
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EVC = evc;
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Crankshaft = new Crankshaft(initialRPM);
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Crankshaft = crankshaft ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(crankshaft));
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cylinderVolume = clearanceVolume;
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cylinderMass = 1.225 * clearanceVolume;
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double initRho = 1.225;
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_airMass = initRho * clearanceVolume;
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_exhaustMass = 0.0;
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cylinderEnergy = 101325.0 * clearanceVolume / (Gamma - 1.0);
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IntakePort = new Port { Owner = this };
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@@ -97,13 +95,10 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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_ports = new[] { IntakePort, ExhaustPort };
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}
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// Derived volumes
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private double SweptVolume => Math.PI * 0.25 * Bore * Bore * Stroke;
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private double clearanceVolume => SweptVolume / (CompressionRatio - 1.0);
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private double CrankRadius => Stroke / 2.0;
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private double Obliquity => CrankRadius / ConRodLength;
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// Crank angle in degrees (0‑720)
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private double CrankDeg => (Crankshaft.CrankAngle % (4.0 * Math.PI)) * 180.0 / Math.PI % 720.0;
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public double ComputeVolume(double thetaRad)
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@@ -125,7 +120,6 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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{
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double deg = thetaDeg % 720.0;
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if (deg < 0) deg += 720.0;
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if (deg >= opens && deg <= closes)
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{
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double half = (closes - opens) * 0.5;
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@@ -151,45 +145,57 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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double crankAngleRad = Crankshaft.CrankAngle;
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cylinderVolume = ComputeVolume(crankAngleRad);
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// Volume work (done BY gas, positive when expanding)
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double dV = cylinderVolume - prevVolume;
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// ---- Piston torque ----
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double pRel = Pressure - 101325.0; // relative to ambient
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double sinTh = Math.Sin(crankAngleRad);
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double cosTh = Math.Cos(crankAngleRad);
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double term = Math.Sqrt(1.0 - Obliquity * Obliquity * sinTh * sinTh);
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double dxdtheta = CrankRadius * sinTh * (1.0 + Obliquity * cosTh / term);
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double pistonArea = Math.PI * 0.25 * Bore * Bore;
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double torque = pRel * pistonArea * dxdtheta;
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Crankshaft.AddTorque(torque);
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// Volume work (done BY gas, positive when expanding)
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cylinderEnergy -= Pressure * dV;
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double prevDeg = Crankshaft.PreviousAngle * 180.0 / Math.PI % 720.0;
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double currDeg = crankAngleRad * 180.0 / Math.PI % 720.0;
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// ----- Intake closing: capture trapped air mass and compute fuel -----
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// Intake closing: capture trapped air mass (air only!)
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if (prevDeg >= IVO && prevDeg < IVC && currDeg >= IVC)
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{
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trappedAirMass = cylinderMass;
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trappedAirMass = _airMass;
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fuelMass = trappedAirMass / StoichiometricAFR;
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fuelInjected = true;
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}
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// ----- Spark ignition (once per cycle, only if canCombust) -----
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// Spark
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double sparkAngle = 0.0 - SparkAdvance;
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if (sparkAngle < 0) sparkAngle += 720.0;
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bool crossedSpark = (prevDeg < sparkAngle && currDeg >= sparkAngle) ||
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(prevDeg > sparkAngle + 360.0 && currDeg < sparkAngle);
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if (crossedSpark && !combustionActive && fuelInjected && _canCombust)
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if (crossedSpark && !combustionActive && fuelInjected)
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{
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combustionActive = true;
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burnFraction = 0.0;
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}
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// ----- Combustion progress -----
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// Combustion progress
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if (combustionActive)
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{
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double angleSinceSpark = currDeg - sparkAngle;
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if (angleSinceSpark < 0) angleSinceSpark += 720.0;
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double newFraction = Wiebe(angleSinceSpark);
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if (newFraction >= 1.0 || angleSinceSpark > (WiebeDuration + WiebeStart + SparkAdvance))
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{
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newFraction = 1.0;
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combustionActive = false;
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_canCombust = false; // require cool‑down before next ignition
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// All gas becomes exhaust
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double totalMass = _airMass + _exhaustMass;
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_airMass = 0.0;
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_exhaustMass = totalMass;
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}
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double dFraction = newFraction - burnFraction;
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@@ -197,18 +203,12 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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{
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double dQ = fuelMass * FuelLowerHeatingValue * dFraction;
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cylinderEnergy += dQ;
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cylinderMass += fuelMass * dFraction;
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_exhaustMass += fuelMass * dFraction; // burning fuel adds to exhaust
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burnFraction = newFraction;
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}
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}
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// ----- Re‑arm combustion if temperature has dropped low enough -----
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if (!combustionActive && !_canCombust && Temperature < CombustionEnableTemperature)
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{
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_canCombust = true;
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}
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// ----- Heat loss to cylinder walls -----
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// Heat loss
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double dQ_loss = HeatTransferCoefficient * CylinderWallArea *
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(Temperature - AmbientTemperature) * dt;
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cylinderEnergy -= dQ_loss;
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@@ -216,39 +216,46 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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// Update port states
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double p = Pressure, rho = Density, T = Temperature;
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double h = Gamma / (Gamma - 1.0) * p / Math.Max(rho, 1e-12);
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double af = AirFraction;
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IntakePort.Pressure = p;
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IntakePort.Density = rho;
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IntakePort.Temperature = T;
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IntakePort.SpecificEnthalpy = h;
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IntakePort.AirFraction = af;
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ExhaustPort.Pressure = p;
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ExhaustPort.Density = rho;
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ExhaustPort.Temperature = T;
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ExhaustPort.SpecificEnthalpy = h;
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ExhaustPort.AirFraction = af;
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}
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public void UpdateState(double dt)
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{
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double dm = 0.0;
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double dE = 0.0;
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double dmAir = 0.0, dmExhaust = 0.0, dE = 0.0;
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foreach (var port in _ports)
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{
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dm += port.MassFlowRate * dt;
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dE += port.MassFlowRate * port.SpecificEnthalpy * dt;
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double mdot = port.MassFlowRate;
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double af = mdot >= 0 ? port.AirFraction : AirFraction;
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dmAir += mdot * af * dt;
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dmExhaust += mdot * (1.0 - af) * dt;
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dE += mdot * port.SpecificEnthalpy * dt;
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}
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cylinderMass += dm;
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_airMass += dmAir;
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_exhaustMass += dmExhaust;
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cylinderEnergy += dE;
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double V = Math.Max(cylinderVolume, 1e-12);
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// --- Absolute pressure & temperature clamps ---
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// Safety clamps
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double currentP = (Gamma - 1.0) * cylinderEnergy / V;
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if (currentP > MaxPressurePa)
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cylinderEnergy = MaxPressurePa * V / (Gamma - 1.0);
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double currentRho = cylinderMass / V;
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double currentRho = (_airMass + _exhaustMass) / V;
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double currentT = currentP / Math.Max(currentRho * GasConstant, 1e-12);
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if (currentT > MaxTemperatureK)
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{
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@@ -256,10 +263,11 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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cylinderEnergy = pAtTlimit * V / (Gamma - 1.0);
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}
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// Existing safeguards
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if (cylinderMass < 1e-9)
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double totalMass = _airMass + _exhaustMass;
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if (totalMass < 1e-9)
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{
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cylinderMass = 1e-9;
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_airMass = 1e-9;
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_exhaustMass = 0.0;
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cylinderEnergy = 101325.0 * V / (Gamma - 1.0);
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}
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else if (cylinderEnergy < 0.0)
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@@ -267,8 +275,8 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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cylinderEnergy = 101325.0 * V / (Gamma - 1.0);
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}
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if (cylinderMass < 0.0) cylinderMass = 1e-9;
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if (cylinderEnergy < 0.0) cylinderEnergy = 101325.0 * V / (Gamma - 1.0);
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if (_airMass < 0.0) _airMass = 0.0;
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if (_exhaustMass < 0.0) _exhaustMass = 0.0;
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}
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}
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}
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