crank case based two stroke testing
This commit is contained in:
150
Components/Crankcase.cs
Normal file
150
Components/Crankcase.cs
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@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
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// ============================================================
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// File: Crankcase.cs
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// ============================================================
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using System.Collections.Generic;
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using FluidSim.Interfaces;
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namespace FluidSim.Components
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{
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public class Crankcase : IComponent
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{
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private readonly Crankshaft _crankshaft;
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private readonly float _crankRadius, _conrodLength, _pistonArea;
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private readonly float _clearanceVolume, _obliquity;
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private float _mass, _internalEnergy, _airFraction;
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public float Pressure { get; private set; }
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public float Temperature { get; private set; }
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public float Density => _mass / MathF.Max(Volume, 1e-12f);
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public float Volume { get; private set; }
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public Port IntakePort { get; }
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public Port TransferPort { get; }
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private readonly List<Port> _ports;
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public IReadOnlyList<Port> Ports => _ports;
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// FIX: store previous volume to calculate PdV work
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private float _prevVolume;
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private const float Rgas = 287.0f;
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private const float Gamma = 1.4f;
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private const float Cv = Rgas / (Gamma - 1.0f);
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public Crankcase(Crankshaft crankshaft,
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float crankRadius, float conrodLength, float bore,
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float clearanceVolume,
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float initialPressure, float initialTemperature)
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{
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_crankshaft = crankshaft;
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_crankRadius = crankRadius;
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_conrodLength = conrodLength;
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_pistonArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * bore * bore;
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_clearanceVolume = clearanceVolume;
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_obliquity = crankRadius / conrodLength;
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Pressure = initialPressure;
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Temperature = initialTemperature;
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float rho = initialPressure / (Rgas * initialTemperature);
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_mass = rho * clearanceVolume;
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_internalEnergy = _mass * Cv * initialTemperature;
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_airFraction = 1.0f;
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Volume = clearanceVolume;
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_prevVolume = Volume;
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IntakePort = new Port { Owner = this };
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TransferPort = new Port { Owner = this };
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_ports = new List<Port> { IntakePort, TransferPort };
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}
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public void PreStep(float dt)
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{
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// Save previous volume before updating
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_prevVolume = Volume;
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float theta = _crankshaft.CrankAngleRad % (2f * MathF.PI);
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float cosTh = MathF.Cos(theta);
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float sinTh = MathF.Sin(theta);
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float term = MathF.Sqrt(1f - _obliquity * _obliquity * sinTh * sinTh);
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// FIX: correct piston displacement: downstroke reduces crankcase volume
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float x = _crankRadius * (1f - cosTh) + _conrodLength * (1f - term);
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// Maximum volume at TDC (x = 0), minimum at BDC (x = stroke)
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float maxVolume = _clearanceVolume + _pistonArea * 2f * _crankRadius; // stroke = 2 * crankRadius
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Volume = maxVolume - _pistonArea * x;
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// Update thermodynamic state using the new volume (before mass transfer)
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if (_mass > 1e-12f && Volume > 1e-12f)
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{
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Temperature = _internalEnergy / (_mass * Cv);
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Pressure = _mass * Rgas * Temperature / Volume;
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}
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}
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public void UpdateState(float dt)
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{
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// ---- Mass and energy transport (identical to original) ----
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float mdotIn = IntakePort.MassFlowRate;
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float mdotOut = TransferPort.MassFlowRate;
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float dm = (mdotIn - mdotOut) * dt;
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float dE = (mdotIn * IntakePort.SpecificEnthalpy
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- mdotOut * (Cv * Temperature + Pressure / MathF.Max(Density, 1e-12f))) * dt;
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float dY = (mdotIn * IntakePort.AirFraction - mdotOut * _airFraction) * dt;
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_mass += dm;
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_internalEnergy += dE;
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if (_mass > 1e-12f)
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_airFraction = Math.Clamp((_airFraction * (_mass - dm) + dY) / _mass, 0f, 1f);
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// ---- FIX: add mechanical work done BY the gas ON the piston ----
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// During a step, volume changed from _prevVolume to current Volume.
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// Work done BY gas = P * dV (if dV > 0, gas expands and does work, losing energy)
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float dV = Volume - _prevVolume;
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// Use average pressure during the step (approximate with current pressure)
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_internalEnergy -= Pressure * dV; // removes energy when volume increases
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// Safety floors
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if (_mass < 1e-9f)
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{
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_mass = 1e-9f;
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_internalEnergy = _mass * Cv * 300f;
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_airFraction = 1f;
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}
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if (_internalEnergy < 0f)
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_internalEnergy = _mass * Cv * 300f;
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// Final state update
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if (_mass > 1e-12f && Volume > 1e-12f)
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{
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Temperature = _internalEnergy / (_mass * Cv);
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Pressure = _mass * Rgas * Temperature / Volume;
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}
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else
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{
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Temperature = 300f;
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Pressure = 101325f;
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}
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// Safety limits (unchanged, but now rarely triggered)
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const float safetyPressure = 1.0f;
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if (Pressure < safetyPressure && _mass > 1e-12f && Volume > 1e-12f)
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{
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Temperature = safetyPressure * Volume / (_mass * Rgas);
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_internalEnergy = _mass * Cv * Temperature;
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Pressure = safetyPressure;
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}
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const float maxPressure = 5e5f;
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if (Pressure > maxPressure && _mass > 1e-12f && Volume > 1e-12f)
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{
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float targetMass = maxPressure * Volume / (Rgas * Temperature);
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if (_mass > targetMass)
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{
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_mass = targetMass;
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_internalEnergy = _mass * Cv * Temperature;
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Pressure = maxPressure;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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/// <summary>Engine cycle length in radians. 4π = four‑stroke, 2π = two‑stroke.</summary>
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public float CycleLength { get; set; } = 4f * MathF.PI;
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public float CrankAngleRad => CrankAngle;
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public Crankshaft(float initialRPM = 400f)
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{
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@@ -1,124 +1,111 @@
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// ============================================================
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// File: TwoStrokeCylinder.cs
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// ============================================================
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using System;
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using FluidSim.Interfaces;
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using FluidSim.Components; // for Crankcase (if in same namespace)
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namespace FluidSim.Components
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{
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/// <summary>
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/// Two-stroke cylinder with symmetrical port timings centred on BDC (180°).
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///
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/// Changes vs. original:
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/// • ValveLift ramp is now 15 % of duration (was 25 %) so the port reaches
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/// full area faster – critical at high RPM where dwell time is short.
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/// • Fuel injection is now triggered at IVC (transfer port closing) as before,
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/// but trappedAirMass is computed from actual cylinder state at that moment
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/// rather than the running _airMass accumulator, which was slightly stale.
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/// • SparkAdvance default raised to 22° BTDC – more appropriate for a
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/// high-compression two-stroke at peak RPM. The scenario can still override it.
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/// Two‑stroke cylinder with forced symmetrical port timings around BDC (180°).
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/// Uses crankcase back‑pressure for accurate pumping work.
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/// </summary>
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public class TwoStrokeCylinder : EngineCylinder
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{
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// ── Port timing read-outs (degrees, 0 = TDC) ───────────────────────────
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public float IVO => 180f - TransferDuration / 2f; // transfer opens
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public float IVC => 180f + TransferDuration / 2f; // transfer closes
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public float EVO => 180f - ExhaustDuration / 2f; // exhaust opens
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public float EVC => 180f + ExhaustDuration / 2f; // exhaust closes
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// --- Port timing (computed from durations) ---
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public float IVO => 180f - transferDuration / 2f;
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public float IVC => 180f + transferDuration / 2f;
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public float EVO => 180f - exhaustDuration / 2f;
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public float EVC => 180f + exhaustDuration / 2f;
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// ── Configurable durations ──────────────────────────────────────────────
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public float TransferDuration { get; } // default: 155°
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public float ExhaustDuration { get; } // default: 195°
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private readonly float transferDuration; // degrees
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private readonly float exhaustDuration; // degrees
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// Fraction of port-open duration used for ramp-up / ramp-down.
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// 0.15 → port at full area for the middle 70 % of open time.
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private const float RampFraction = 0.15f;
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// --- Crankcase reference ---
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private Crankcase? _crankcase;
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protected override float CycleLengthRad => 2f * MathF.PI;
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protected override float MaxCycleDeg => 360f;
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public override float IntakeValveArea =>
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MathF.PI * IntakeValveDiameter
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* ValveLift(CrankDeg, IVO, IVC, IntakeValveLift);
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MathF.PI * IntakeValveDiameter * ValveLift(CrankDeg, IVO, IVC, IntakeValveLift);
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public override float ExhaustValveArea =>
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MathF.PI * ExhaustValveDiameter
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* ValveLift(CrankDeg, EVO, EVC, ExhaustValveLift);
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MathF.PI * ExhaustValveDiameter * ValveLift(CrankDeg, EVO, EVC, ExhaustValveLift);
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// ── Constructor ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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public TwoStrokeCylinder(float bore, float stroke, float conRodLength,
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float compressionRatio,
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float transferDuration, float exhaustDuration,
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Crankshaft crankshaft)
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: base(bore, stroke, conRodLength, compressionRatio, crankshaft)
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{
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TransferDuration = transferDuration;
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ExhaustDuration = exhaustDuration;
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this.transferDuration = transferDuration;
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this.exhaustDuration = exhaustDuration;
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if (EVO >= IVO)
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throw new ArgumentException(
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$"Exhaust must open before transfer port. " +
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$"EVO={EVO:F1}° must be less than IVO={IVO:F1}°. " +
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$"Increase exhaustDuration or decrease transferDuration.");
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throw new ArgumentException("Exhaust must open before transfer port.");
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}
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// ── Valve lift profile ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
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/// <summary>
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/// Smooth trapezoidal lift: fast ramp (15 % of duration), flat top (70 %),
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/// fast ramp-down (15 %). Ramps use a smoothstep (3t²-2t³) curve so the
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/// area derivative is C1-continuous (no kink at ramp/plateau boundaries).
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/// </summary>
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private static float ValveLift(float thetaDeg, float opens, float closes, float peakLift)
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public void SetCrankcase(Crankcase crankcase)
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{
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_crankcase = crankcase;
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}
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// ----- Valve lift -----
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private float ValveLift(float thetaDeg, float opens, float closes, float peakLift)
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{
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// Normalise to [0, 360)
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float deg = thetaDeg % 360f;
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if (deg < 0f) deg += 360f;
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// Handle wrap-around (e.g. opens=170°, closes=190° is fine;
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// a port that crosses 360° would need closes+360).
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float effectiveClose = closes < opens ? closes + 360f : closes;
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float duration = effectiveClose - opens;
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float effectiveOpen = opens;
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float effectiveClose = closes;
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if (closes < opens) effectiveClose += 360f;
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float duration = effectiveClose - effectiveOpen;
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if (duration <= 0f) return 0f;
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// Map deg into the same number-line as opens/effectiveClose
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float mapped = deg < opens ? deg + 360f : deg;
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float mapped = deg;
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if (mapped < opens) mapped += 360f;
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if (mapped < opens || mapped > effectiveClose) return 0f;
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float rampDur = duration * RampFraction;
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float holdEnd = effectiveClose - rampDur;
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float rampDur = duration * 0.25f;
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float holdDur = duration - 2f * rampDur;
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if (mapped < opens + rampDur)
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if (mapped >= opens && mapped < opens + rampDur)
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{
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// Opening ramp: smoothstep
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float t = (mapped - opens) / rampDur;
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return peakLift * t * t * (3f - 2f * t);
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}
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else if (mapped <= holdEnd)
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else if (mapped >= opens + rampDur && mapped < opens + rampDur + holdDur)
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{
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// Flat top – full area
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return peakLift;
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}
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else
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else if (mapped >= opens + rampDur + holdDur && mapped <= effectiveClose)
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{
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// Closing ramp: smoothstep reversed
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float t = (mapped - holdEnd) / rampDur;
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float t = (mapped - (opens + rampDur + holdDur)) / rampDur;
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return peakLift * (1f - t) * (1f - t) * (1f + 2f * t);
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}
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return 0f;
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}
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// ── Cycle event handler ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
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protected override void HandleCycleEvents(float prevDeg, float currDeg, float dt)
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{
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// ── Fuel injection at transfer-port closing (IVC) ──────────────────
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// At IVC the cylinder is sealed; whatever air is trapped is what we burn.
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if (CrossedAngle(prevDeg, currDeg, IVC))
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// Transfer port closing → fuel injection
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if (prevDeg >= IVO && prevDeg < IVC && currDeg >= IVC)
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{
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trappedAirMass = _airMass;
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fuelMass = trappedAirMass / StoichiometricAFR;
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fuelInjected = true;
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}
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// ── Ignition ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
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// SparkAdvance default is ~22° BTDC on the base class; scenario can override.
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float sparkAngle = (360f - SparkAdvance) % 360f;
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// Spark every 360° at TDC (0°) minus advance
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float sparkAngle = (0f - SparkAdvance + 360f) % 360f;
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bool crossedSpark = false;
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if (prevDeg < sparkAngle && currDeg >= sparkAngle)
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crossedSpark = true;
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else if (prevDeg > sparkAngle && currDeg < sparkAngle)
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crossedSpark = true;
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if (CrossedAngle(prevDeg, currDeg, sparkAngle) && !combustionActive && fuelInjected)
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if (crossedSpark && !combustionActive && fuelInjected)
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{
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if (_random.NextDouble() < MisfireProbability)
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{
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@@ -126,32 +113,24 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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}
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else
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{
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combustionActive = true;
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burnFraction = 0f;
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combustionActive = true; burnFraction = 0f;
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float range = EnergyVariationFraction;
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_energyFactor = 1f + range * (2f * (float)_random.NextDouble() - 1f);
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}
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}
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// ── Combustion heat release (Wiebe) ────────────────────────────────
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if (combustionActive)
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{
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float angleSinceSpark = currDeg - sparkAngle;
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if (angleSinceSpark < 0f) angleSinceSpark += 360f;
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float newFraction = Wiebe(angleSinceSpark);
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bool burnComplete = newFraction >= 1f
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|| angleSinceSpark > WiebeDuration + WiebeStart + SparkAdvance;
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if (burnComplete)
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if (newFraction >= 1f || angleSinceSpark > (WiebeDuration + WiebeStart + SparkAdvance))
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{
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newFraction = 1f;
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combustionActive = false;
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fuelInjected = false;
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newFraction = 1f; combustionActive = false;
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float totalMass = _airMass + _exhaustMass;
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_airMass = 0f;
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_exhaustMass = totalMass;
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_airMass = 0f; _exhaustMass = totalMass;
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}
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fuelInjected = false;
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float dFraction = newFraction - burnFraction;
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if (dFraction > 0f)
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@@ -164,20 +143,50 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
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}
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}
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// ── Helper: did the crank cross a target angle this step? ───────────────
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/// <summary>
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/// Returns true if the crank swept through <paramref name="target"/> going
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/// from <paramref name="prev"/> to <paramref name="curr"/> in a single step.
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/// Handles wrap-around at 360°.
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/// </summary>
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private static bool CrossedAngle(float prev, float curr, float target)
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// ----- Override torque calculation to use crankcase back‑pressure -----
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public new void PreStep(float dt)
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{
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// Normal case (no wrap)
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if (curr >= prev)
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return prev < target && target <= curr;
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// Speed‑dependent spark advance
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float rpm = Crankshaft.AngularVelocity * 60f / (2f * MathF.PI);
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SparkAdvance = Math.Clamp(10f + rpm * 0.002f, 5f, 40f);
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// Wrapped past 360° → two intervals to check
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return prev < target || target <= curr;
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float prevVolume = cylinderVolume;
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float crankAngleRad = Crankshaft.CrankAngle + PhaseOffset;
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cylinderVolume = ComputeVolume(crankAngleRad);
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float dV = cylinderVolume - prevVolume;
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// Use crankcase pressure as back‑pressure, ambient if not set
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float backPressure = _crankcase?.Pressure ?? 101325f;
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float pRel = Pressure - backPressure;
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float sinTh = MathF.Sin(crankAngleRad), cosTh = MathF.Cos(crankAngleRad);
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float term = MathF.Sqrt(1f - Obliquity * Obliquity * sinTh * sinTh);
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float dxdtheta = CrankRadius * sinTh * (1f + Obliquity * cosTh / term);
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float pistonArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * Bore * Bore;
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Crankshaft.AddTorque(pRel * pistonArea * dxdtheta);
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cylinderEnergy -= Pressure * dV;
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float cycleLenDeg = 360f;
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float prevDeg = (Crankshaft.PreviousAngle + PhaseOffset) * 180f / MathF.PI % cycleLenDeg;
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float currDeg = crankAngleRad * 180f / MathF.PI % cycleLenDeg;
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HandleCycleEvents(prevDeg, currDeg, dt);
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// Heat loss
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float dQ_loss = HeatTransferCoefficient * CylinderWallArea *
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(Temperature - AmbientTemperature) * dt;
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cylinderEnergy -= dQ_loss;
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// Update port states
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float p = Pressure, rho = Density, T = Temperature;
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float h = Gamma / (Gamma - 1f) * p / MathF.Max(rho, 1e-12f);
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float af = AirFraction;
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IntakePort.Pressure = p; IntakePort.Density = rho;
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IntakePort.Temperature = T; IntakePort.SpecificEnthalpy = h; IntakePort.AirFraction = af;
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ExhaustPort.Pressure = p; ExhaustPort.Density = rho;
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ExhaustPort.Temperature = T; ExhaustPort.SpecificEnthalpy = h; ExhaustPort.AirFraction = af;
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}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ namespace FluidSim.Tests
|
||||
{
|
||||
private Crankshaft crankshaft;
|
||||
private TwoStrokeCylinder cylinder;
|
||||
private Crankcase crankcase;
|
||||
|
||||
private PipeSystem pipeSystem;
|
||||
private BoundarySystem boundaries;
|
||||
@@ -19,12 +20,9 @@ namespace FluidSim.Tests
|
||||
|
||||
private Volume0D intakePlenum;
|
||||
private Port plenumInlet, plenumOutlet;
|
||||
private Volume0D exhaustMuffler;
|
||||
private Port mufflerIn, mufflerOut;
|
||||
|
||||
private Vehicle vehicle;
|
||||
|
||||
private int throttleAreaIdx, plenumRunnerIdx, intakeValveIdx, exhaustValveIdx;
|
||||
private int throttleAreaIdx, reedInletIdx, reedOutletIdx,
|
||||
transferInletIdx, transferOutletIdx, exhaustValveIdx;
|
||||
private float[] orificeAreas;
|
||||
private int intakeOpenIdx, exhaustOpenIdx;
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -34,234 +32,200 @@ namespace FluidSim.Tests
|
||||
private double dt;
|
||||
private int stepCount;
|
||||
|
||||
private float _maxThrottleArea;
|
||||
private float intakePipeArea, exhaustHeaderArea;
|
||||
|
||||
public override void ShiftUp() => vehicle.ShiftUp();
|
||||
public override void ShiftDown() => vehicle.ShiftDown();
|
||||
private float maxThrottleArea;
|
||||
private float intakePipeArea, reedPipeArea, transferPipeArea, exhaustHeaderArea;
|
||||
private bool reedOpen;
|
||||
|
||||
public override void Initialize(int sampleRate)
|
||||
{
|
||||
dt = 1.0 / sampleRate;
|
||||
|
||||
// ── Vehicle ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
vehicle = new Vehicle();
|
||||
maxThrottleArea = (float)Units.AreaFromDiameter(42 * Units.mm);
|
||||
|
||||
// ── Throttle body: 42 mm – wider to reduce high-RPM intake restriction ──
|
||||
_maxThrottleArea = (float)Units.AreaFromDiameter(42 * Units.mm);
|
||||
|
||||
// ── Crankshaft ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
// Lighter flywheel for quicker revving; friction tuned to ~0.5 kW loss at idle
|
||||
crankshaft = new Crankshaft(2000);
|
||||
crankshaft.CycleLength = 2f * MathF.PI; // two-stroke: fire every rev
|
||||
crankshaft.Inertia = 0.06f; // lighter flywheel
|
||||
crankshaft.FrictionConstant = 0.4f; // ~0.4 Nm constant drag
|
||||
crankshaft.FrictionViscous = 0.0004f; // ~2.5 Nm at 10 000 RPM
|
||||
|
||||
// ── Cylinder: 125 cc, motocross-style two-stroke ─────────────────────
|
||||
// Bore × stroke = 54 × 54.5 mm → 124.9 cc
|
||||
float bore = 0.054f;
|
||||
float stroke = 0.0545f;
|
||||
float conRod = 0.110f; // ~2× stroke
|
||||
float compRatio = 7.2f; // geometric CR; effective CR after port closure is ~12:1
|
||||
|
||||
// Port timings: exhaust 195°, transfer 155° – competitive MX 125
|
||||
float transferDuration = 155f;
|
||||
float exhaustDuration = 195f;
|
||||
// ---- Crankshaft ----
|
||||
crankshaft = new Crankshaft(3000);
|
||||
crankshaft.CycleLength = 2f * MathF.PI;
|
||||
crankshaft.Inertia = 0.01f;
|
||||
crankshaft.FrictionConstant = 1.0f;
|
||||
crankshaft.FrictionViscous = 0.002f;
|
||||
|
||||
// ---- Cylinder (125cc) ----
|
||||
float bore = 0.054f, stroke = 0.0545f, conRod = 0.110f, compRatio = 7.2f;
|
||||
float transferDur = 140f, exhaustDur = 195f;
|
||||
cylinder = new TwoStrokeCylinder(bore, stroke, conRod, compRatio,
|
||||
transferDuration, exhaustDuration,
|
||||
crankshaft)
|
||||
transferDur, exhaustDur, crankshaft)
|
||||
{
|
||||
IntakeValveDiameter = 0.042f, // matched to intake pipe
|
||||
IntakeValveLift = 0.015f,
|
||||
// FIX: realistic transfer port diameter (was 40mm)
|
||||
IntakeValveDiameter = 0.030f, // 30 mm
|
||||
IntakeValveLift = 0.010f,
|
||||
ExhaustValveDiameter = 0.040f,
|
||||
ExhaustValveLift = 0.013f
|
||||
ExhaustValveLift = 0.010f
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
// ── Pipe geometry ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
//
|
||||
// Layout (all lengths in mm):
|
||||
// Intake path: airbox stub 100 mm | runner 180 mm
|
||||
// Exhaust path: expansion chamber tuned to ~9 000 RPM power peak
|
||||
// header 170 mm Ø 40 mm
|
||||
// diffuser 280 mm Ø 40 → 72 mm
|
||||
// belly 200 mm Ø 72 mm
|
||||
// convergent 130 mm Ø 72 → 28 mm
|
||||
// stinger 70 mm Ø 28 mm
|
||||
// total 850 mm
|
||||
//
|
||||
// Cell sizing: ~14 mm/cell.
|
||||
// CFL: c_sound ≈ 550 m/s, dx=0.014 m → dt_max ≈ 25 µs
|
||||
// at 44100 Hz dt = 22.7 µs → SubStepCount=4 keeps CFL safely ≤ 1
|
||||
// ---- Crankcase ----
|
||||
float crankRadius = stroke * 0.5f;
|
||||
float ccClearance = 150e-6f;
|
||||
crankcase = new Crankcase(crankshaft, crankRadius, conRod, bore,
|
||||
ccClearance, 101325f, 300f);
|
||||
cylinder.SetCrankcase(crankcase);
|
||||
|
||||
// --- Cell counts ---
|
||||
int intakeCells = 7; // 100 mm stub → ~14 mm/cell
|
||||
int runnerCells = 13; // 180 mm runner → ~14 mm/cell
|
||||
int exhaustCells = 60; // 850 mm total → ~14 mm/cell
|
||||
// ---- Pipe system ----
|
||||
int intakeCells = 8;
|
||||
int reedCells = 4;
|
||||
int transferCells = 8;
|
||||
int exhaustCells = 60;
|
||||
int totalCells = intakeCells + reedCells + transferCells + exhaustCells;
|
||||
|
||||
int totalCells = intakeCells + runnerCells + exhaustCells;
|
||||
int[] pipeStart = { 0, intakeCells, intakeCells + runnerCells };
|
||||
int[] pipeEnd = { intakeCells, intakeCells + runnerCells, totalCells };
|
||||
int[] pipeStart = {
|
||||
0,
|
||||
intakeCells,
|
||||
intakeCells + reedCells,
|
||||
intakeCells + reedCells + transferCells
|
||||
};
|
||||
int[] pipeEnd = {
|
||||
intakeCells,
|
||||
intakeCells + reedCells,
|
||||
intakeCells + reedCells + transferCells,
|
||||
totalCells
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
float[] area = new float[totalCells];
|
||||
float[] dx = new float[totalCells];
|
||||
|
||||
// --- Intake ---
|
||||
float intakeDia = 0.042f; // matches throttle body
|
||||
float intakeStubLen = 0.100f;
|
||||
float intakeRunnerLen= 0.160f; // shorter runner → less pumping loss
|
||||
float intakeDia = 0.042f, reedDia = 0.040f, transferDia = 0.040f;
|
||||
intakePipeArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * intakeDia * intakeDia;
|
||||
reedPipeArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * reedDia * reedDia;
|
||||
transferPipeArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * transferDia * transferDia;
|
||||
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < intakeCells; i++)
|
||||
{ area[i] = intakePipeArea; dx[i] = intakeStubLen / intakeCells; }
|
||||
{ area[i] = intakePipeArea; dx[i] = 0.100f / intakeCells; }
|
||||
|
||||
for (int i = intakeCells; i < intakeCells + runnerCells; i++)
|
||||
{ area[i] = intakePipeArea; dx[i] = intakeRunnerLen / runnerCells; }
|
||||
for (int i = intakeCells; i < intakeCells + reedCells; i++)
|
||||
{ area[i] = reedPipeArea; dx[i] = 0.030f / reedCells; }
|
||||
|
||||
// Expansion chamber tuned for ~8 500 RPM power peak.
|
||||
// Return-pulse travel distance = 0.5 × c_avg × (60 / RPM_target)
|
||||
// c_avg ≈ 480 m/s → distance = 0.5 × 480 × (60/8500) ≈ 1.69 m round-trip
|
||||
// → one-way pipe length ≈ 0.84 m (matches total below)
|
||||
float headerDia = 0.040f; float headerLen = 0.130f; // shorter header → earlier pulse
|
||||
float diffEndDia = 0.070f; float diffuserLen = 0.250f; // slightly narrower belly
|
||||
float bellyDia = 0.070f; float bellyLen = 0.220f;
|
||||
float convEndDia = 0.028f; float convergentLen= 0.160f; // longer convergent → stronger return pulse
|
||||
float stingerDia = 0.028f; float stingerLen = 0.080f;
|
||||
// total = 0.13+0.25+0.22+0.16+0.08 = 0.84 m
|
||||
for (int i = intakeCells + reedCells; i < intakeCells + reedCells + transferCells; i++)
|
||||
{ area[i] = transferPipeArea; dx[i] = 0.200f / transferCells; }
|
||||
|
||||
exhaustHeaderArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * headerDia * headerDia;
|
||||
float bellyArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * bellyDia * bellyDia;
|
||||
float stingerArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * stingerDia * stingerDia;
|
||||
float hdrD = 0.040f, hdrL = 0.130f;
|
||||
float difEndD = 0.070f, difL = 0.250f;
|
||||
float belL = 0.220f;
|
||||
float convEndD = 0.028f, convL = 0.160f;
|
||||
float stiL = 0.080f;
|
||||
float totL = hdrL + difL + belL + convL + stiL;
|
||||
exhaustHeaderArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * hdrD * hdrD;
|
||||
float bellyArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * difEndD * difEndD;
|
||||
float stingerArea = MathF.PI * 0.25f * convEndD * convEndD;
|
||||
|
||||
// Distribute cells proportionally by section length
|
||||
int headerCells = Math.Max(1, (int)MathF.Round(exhaustCells * headerLen / 0.84f));
|
||||
int diffuserCells = Math.Max(1, (int)MathF.Round(exhaustCells * diffuserLen / 0.84f));
|
||||
int bellyCells = Math.Max(1, (int)MathF.Round(exhaustCells * bellyLen / 0.84f));
|
||||
int convergentCells = Math.Max(1, (int)MathF.Round(exhaustCells * convergentLen/ 0.84f));
|
||||
int stingerCells = exhaustCells - headerCells - diffuserCells
|
||||
- bellyCells - convergentCells;
|
||||
if (stingerCells < 1) stingerCells = 1;
|
||||
int exhStart = intakeCells + reedCells + transferCells;
|
||||
int hdrC = (int)(exhaustCells * hdrL / totL);
|
||||
int difC = (int)(exhaustCells * difL / totL);
|
||||
int belC = (int)(exhaustCells * belL / totL);
|
||||
int conC = (int)(exhaustCells * convL / totL);
|
||||
int stiC = exhaustCells - hdrC - difC - belC - conC;
|
||||
|
||||
int exhBase = intakeCells + runnerCells;
|
||||
int idx = 0;
|
||||
for (int i = exhBase; i < totalCells; i++, idx++)
|
||||
for (int i = exhStart; i < totalCells; i++)
|
||||
{
|
||||
if (idx < headerCells)
|
||||
if (idx < hdrC) { area[i] = exhaustHeaderArea; dx[i] = hdrL / hdrC; }
|
||||
else if (idx < hdrC + difC)
|
||||
{
|
||||
area[i] = exhaustHeaderArea;
|
||||
dx[i] = headerLen / headerCells;
|
||||
float t = (idx - hdrC) / (float)(difC - 1);
|
||||
float dia = hdrD + (difEndD - hdrD) * t;
|
||||
area[i] = MathF.PI * 0.25f * dia * dia; dx[i] = difL / difC;
|
||||
}
|
||||
else if (idx < headerCells + diffuserCells)
|
||||
else if (idx < hdrC + difC + belC) { area[i] = bellyArea; dx[i] = belL / belC; }
|
||||
else if (idx < hdrC + difC + belC + conC)
|
||||
{
|
||||
float t = (idx - headerCells) / (float)(diffuserCells - 1);
|
||||
// Smooth cosine taper instead of linear for better wave reflection
|
||||
float ct = 0.5f * (1f - MathF.Cos(MathF.PI * t));
|
||||
float dia = headerDia + (diffEndDia - headerDia) * ct;
|
||||
area[i] = MathF.PI * 0.25f * dia * dia;
|
||||
dx[i] = diffuserLen / diffuserCells;
|
||||
}
|
||||
else if (idx < headerCells + diffuserCells + bellyCells)
|
||||
{
|
||||
area[i] = bellyArea;
|
||||
dx[i] = bellyLen / bellyCells;
|
||||
}
|
||||
else if (idx < headerCells + diffuserCells + bellyCells + convergentCells)
|
||||
{
|
||||
float t = (idx - headerCells - diffuserCells - bellyCells)
|
||||
/ (float)(convergentCells - 1);
|
||||
// Steeper cosine convergent for a sharper return pulse
|
||||
float ct = 0.5f * (1f - MathF.Cos(MathF.PI * t));
|
||||
float dia = bellyDia + (convEndDia - bellyDia) * ct;
|
||||
area[i] = MathF.PI * 0.25f * dia * dia;
|
||||
dx[i] = convergentLen / convergentCells;
|
||||
}
|
||||
else
|
||||
{
|
||||
area[i] = stingerArea;
|
||||
dx[i] = stingerLen / stingerCells;
|
||||
float t = (idx - hdrC - difC - belC) / (float)(conC - 1);
|
||||
float dia = difEndD + (convEndD - difEndD) * t;
|
||||
area[i] = MathF.PI * 0.25f * dia * dia; dx[i] = convL / conC;
|
||||
}
|
||||
else { area[i] = stingerArea; dx[i] = stiL / stiC; }
|
||||
idx++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
pipeSystem = new PipeSystem(totalCells, pipeStart, pipeEnd, area, dx,
|
||||
1.225f, 0f, 101325f);
|
||||
pipeSystem.DampingMultiplier = 0.8f; // slightly less damping → stronger pulses
|
||||
pipeSystem.DampingMultiplier = 0.8f;
|
||||
pipeSystem.EnergyRelaxationRate = 0.4f;
|
||||
pipeSystem.AmbientPressure = 101325f;
|
||||
|
||||
// ── 0-D Volumes ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
// Intake plenum: acts as a small airbox resonator (8 cc)
|
||||
intakePlenum = new Volume0D(8e-3f, 101325f, 300f);
|
||||
// ---- Volumes ----
|
||||
intakePlenum = new Volume0D(0.5e-3f, 101325f, 300f);
|
||||
plenumInlet = intakePlenum.CreatePort();
|
||||
plenumOutlet = intakePlenum.CreatePort();
|
||||
|
||||
// Exhaust silencer volume: 600 cc is realistic for a small-bore muffler
|
||||
exhaustMuffler = new Volume0D(600e-6f, 101325f, 650f);
|
||||
mufflerIn = exhaustMuffler.CreatePort();
|
||||
mufflerOut = exhaustMuffler.CreatePort();
|
||||
|
||||
// ── Boundary system ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
boundaries = new BoundarySystem(pipeSystem, maxOrifices: 4, maxOpenEnds: 2);
|
||||
// ---- Boundary system ----
|
||||
boundaries = new BoundarySystem(pipeSystem, maxOrifices: 6, maxOpenEnds: 2);
|
||||
throttleAreaIdx = 0;
|
||||
plenumRunnerIdx = 1;
|
||||
intakeValveIdx = 2;
|
||||
exhaustValveIdx = 3;
|
||||
reedInletIdx = 1;
|
||||
reedOutletIdx = 2;
|
||||
transferInletIdx = 3;
|
||||
transferOutletIdx = 4;
|
||||
exhaustValveIdx = 5;
|
||||
|
||||
// Open ends: atmosphere at both extremes
|
||||
boundaries.AddOpenEnd(pipeIndex: 0, isLeftEnd: true, 101325f, intakePipeArea);
|
||||
boundaries.AddOpenEnd(0, true, 101325f, intakePipeArea);
|
||||
intakeOpenIdx = 0;
|
||||
boundaries.AddOpenEnd(pipeIndex: 2, isLeftEnd: false, 101325f, stingerArea);
|
||||
boundaries.AddOpenEnd(3, false, 101325f, stingerArea);
|
||||
exhaustOpenIdx = 1;
|
||||
|
||||
// Orifices: throttle → plenum → runner → cylinder → exhaust pipe
|
||||
boundaries.AddOrifice(plenumInlet, 0, false, throttleAreaIdx, 0.72f);
|
||||
boundaries.AddOrifice(plenumOutlet, 1, true, plenumRunnerIdx, 1.00f);
|
||||
boundaries.AddOrifice(cylinder.IntakePort, 1, false, intakeValveIdx, 0.68f);
|
||||
boundaries.AddOrifice(cylinder.ExhaustPort, 2, true, exhaustValveIdx, 0.70f);
|
||||
boundaries.AddOrifice(plenumOutlet, 1, true, reedInletIdx, 1.0f);
|
||||
boundaries.AddOrifice(crankcase.IntakePort, 1, false, reedOutletIdx, 0.9f);
|
||||
boundaries.AddOrifice(crankcase.TransferPort,2, true, transferInletIdx,1.0f);
|
||||
boundaries.AddOrifice(cylinder.IntakePort, 2, false, transferOutletIdx,1.0f);
|
||||
boundaries.AddOrifice(cylinder.ExhaustPort, 3, true, exhaustValveIdx, 0.7f);
|
||||
|
||||
orificeAreas = new float[4];
|
||||
orificeAreas[plenumRunnerIdx] = intakePipeArea; // runner always fully open
|
||||
orificeAreas = new float[6];
|
||||
orificeAreas[reedInletIdx] = reedPipeArea;
|
||||
orificeAreas[reedOutletIdx] = 0f;
|
||||
orificeAreas[transferInletIdx] = transferPipeArea;
|
||||
orificeAreas[transferOutletIdx] = 0f;
|
||||
|
||||
// ── Solver ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
// SubStepCount = 4 keeps CFL ≤ 1 for 5 mm cells at 44 100 Hz
|
||||
solver = new Solver { SubStepCount = 4, EnableProfiling = false };
|
||||
// ---- Solver ----
|
||||
solver = new Solver { SubStepCount = 4 };
|
||||
solver.SetTimeStep(dt);
|
||||
solver.SetPipeSystem(pipeSystem);
|
||||
solver.SetBoundarySystem(boundaries);
|
||||
solver.AddComponent(cylinder);
|
||||
solver.AddComponent(crankcase);
|
||||
solver.AddComponent(intakePlenum);
|
||||
solver.AddComponent(exhaustMuffler);
|
||||
|
||||
// ── Sound ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
// ---- Sound ----
|
||||
exhaustSound = new SoundProcessor(sampleRate, 1f) { Gain = 4.5f };
|
||||
intakeSound = new SoundProcessor(sampleRate, 1f) { Gain = 4.5f };
|
||||
reverb = new OutdoorExhaustReverb(sampleRate);
|
||||
|
||||
stepCount = 0;
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("125cc Two-Stroke – expansion chamber tuned for ~8 500 RPM power peak");
|
||||
Console.WriteLine($" Exhaust cells: {exhaustCells} | header {headerCells} diffuser {diffuserCells}" +
|
||||
$" belly {bellyCells} convergent {convergentCells} stinger {stingerCells}");
|
||||
Console.WriteLine("Two‑Stroke engine ready.");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public override float Process()
|
||||
{
|
||||
float engineRpm = crankshaft.AngularVelocity * 60f / (2f * MathF.PI);
|
||||
const float reedMargin = 200f;
|
||||
if (crankcase.Pressure < intakePlenum.Pressure - reedMargin)
|
||||
reedOpen = true;
|
||||
else if (crankcase.Pressure > intakePlenum.Pressure + reedMargin)
|
||||
reedOpen = false;
|
||||
|
||||
vehicle.ClutchInput = Clutch;
|
||||
float throttledFraction = Throttle;
|
||||
if (throttledFraction < 0.001f) throttledFraction = 0f;
|
||||
throttledFraction = Math.Clamp(throttledFraction, 0f, 1f);
|
||||
float throttledArea = maxThrottleArea * throttledFraction;
|
||||
|
||||
var (clutchTorque, effectiveInertia) = vehicle.Update(engineRpm, crankshaft.Inertia, (float)dt);
|
||||
crankshaft.SetEffectiveInertia(effectiveInertia);
|
||||
crankshaft.SetLoadTorque(clutchTorque);
|
||||
|
||||
crankshaft.Step((float)dt);
|
||||
cylinder.PreStep((float)dt);
|
||||
|
||||
float throttledArea = _maxThrottleArea * Math.Clamp(Throttle, 0.001f, 1f);
|
||||
orificeAreas[throttleAreaIdx] = throttledArea;
|
||||
orificeAreas[intakeValveIdx] = cylinder.IntakeValveArea;
|
||||
orificeAreas[reedOutletIdx] = reedOpen ? reedPipeArea : 0f;
|
||||
orificeAreas[transferOutletIdx] = cylinder.IntakeValveArea;
|
||||
orificeAreas[exhaustValveIdx] = cylinder.ExhaustValveArea;
|
||||
boundaries.SetOrificeAreas(orificeAreas);
|
||||
|
||||
if (stepCount < 20000)
|
||||
crankshaft.AddTorque(5.0f);
|
||||
|
||||
// FIX: update crankshaft BEFORE volumes, so crankcase and cylinder see the same new angle
|
||||
crankshaft.Step((float)dt);
|
||||
cylinder.PreStep((float)dt);
|
||||
crankcase.PreStep((float)dt);
|
||||
|
||||
solver.Step();
|
||||
stepCount++;
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -274,75 +238,49 @@ namespace FluidSim.Tests
|
||||
if (stepCount % 2000 == 0)
|
||||
{
|
||||
float rpm = crankshaft.AngularVelocity * 60f / (2f * MathF.PI);
|
||||
float powerKw = crankshaft.AveragePower * 1e-3f;
|
||||
float torqueNm = crankshaft.AverageTorque;
|
||||
Console.WriteLine($"Step {stepCount,7} | RPM={rpm,6:F0} | Power={powerKw,5:F2} kW" +
|
||||
$" | Torque={torqueNm,5:F1} Nm | Gear={vehicle.CurrentGear}" +
|
||||
$" | Speed={vehicle.SpeedKmh,4:F0} km/h");
|
||||
Console.WriteLine($"Step {stepCount} | RPM={rpm:F0} | CylP={cylinder.Pressure/1e5f:F2} bar | CCP={crankcase.Pressure/1e5f:F3} bar | Plenum={intakePlenum.Pressure/1e5f:F3} bar | Reed={reedOpen}");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return reverb.Process((intakeDry + exhaustDry) * 0.5f);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ── Drawing ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
public override void Draw(RenderWindow target)
|
||||
{
|
||||
float winW = target.GetView().Size.X;
|
||||
float winH = target.GetView().Size.Y;
|
||||
|
||||
float intakeY = winH / 2f - 40f;
|
||||
float exhaustY = winH / 2f + 80f;
|
||||
float openEndX = 40f;
|
||||
float startX = 40f;
|
||||
float endX = winW - 80f;
|
||||
|
||||
// Intake stub
|
||||
float x = openEndX;
|
||||
float w = 120f;
|
||||
DrawPipe(target, pipeSystem, 0, intakeY, x, x + w);
|
||||
|
||||
// Throttle body
|
||||
float throttleX = x + w + 5f;
|
||||
DrawPipe(target, pipeSystem, 0, winH * 0.25f, startX, startX + 120f);
|
||||
var throttleRect = new RectangleShape(new Vector2f(8f, 30f))
|
||||
{
|
||||
FillColor = Color.Yellow,
|
||||
Position = new Vector2f(throttleX, intakeY - 15f)
|
||||
Position = new Vector2f(startX + 125f, winH * 0.25f - 15f)
|
||||
};
|
||||
target.Draw(throttleRect);
|
||||
float plenX = startX + 140f;
|
||||
DrawVolume(target, intakePlenum, plenX + 30f, winH * 0.25f - 25f, 60f, 50f);
|
||||
|
||||
// Plenum
|
||||
float plenW = 40f, plenH = 60f;
|
||||
float plenX = throttleX + 10f;
|
||||
DrawVolume(target, intakePlenum, plenX + plenW / 2f, intakeY - plenH / 2f, plenW, plenH);
|
||||
float reedStartX = plenX + 70f;
|
||||
DrawPipe(target, pipeSystem, 1, winH * 0.25f, reedStartX, reedStartX + 30f);
|
||||
|
||||
// Runner
|
||||
float runnerStartX = plenX + plenW + 5f;
|
||||
DrawPipe(target, pipeSystem, 1, intakeY, runnerStartX, runnerStartX + 100f);
|
||||
float transStartX = reedStartX + 40f;
|
||||
DrawPipe(target, pipeSystem, 2, winH * 0.45f, transStartX, transStartX + 120f);
|
||||
|
||||
// Cylinder
|
||||
float cylCX = runnerStartX + 150f;
|
||||
float cylTopY = intakeY - 120f;
|
||||
float cylCX = transStartX + 180f;
|
||||
float cylTopY = winH * 0.45f - 90f;
|
||||
DrawCylinder(target, cylinder, cylCX, cylTopY, 80f, 240f);
|
||||
|
||||
// Exhaust pipe (expansion chamber)
|
||||
float exhStartX = cylCX + 40f + 20f;
|
||||
DrawPipe(target, pipeSystem, 2, exhaustY, exhStartX, winW - 60f, areaScale: 800f);
|
||||
float exhStartX = cylCX + 60f;
|
||||
DrawPipe(target, pipeSystem, 3, winH * 0.65f, exhStartX, endX, areaScale: 800f);
|
||||
|
||||
// HUD labels
|
||||
float rpm = crankshaft.AngularVelocity * 60f / (2f * MathF.PI);
|
||||
float powerKw = crankshaft.AveragePower * 1e-3f;
|
||||
float torqueNm = crankshaft.AverageTorque;
|
||||
|
||||
DrawLabel(target, $"RPM: {rpm:F0}", new Vector2f(20, 90), Color.White, 24);
|
||||
DrawLabel(target, $"Power: {powerKw:F2} kW", new Vector2f(20, 115), Color.White, 24);
|
||||
DrawLabel(target, $"Torque: {torqueNm:F1} Nm",new Vector2f(20, 140), Color.White, 20);
|
||||
|
||||
string gearText = vehicle.CurrentGear == 0 ? "N" : vehicle.CurrentGear.ToString();
|
||||
DrawLabel(target, $"Gear: {gearText}", new Vector2f(20, 162), Color.Cyan, 20);
|
||||
DrawLabel(target, $"Speed: {vehicle.SpeedKmh:F0} km/h",
|
||||
new Vector2f(20, 184), Color.Cyan, 20);
|
||||
DrawLabel(target, vehicle.Engagement > 0.99f ? "Clutch: Locked" : "Clutch: Slipping",
|
||||
new Vector2f(20, 204), Color.Cyan, 14);
|
||||
|
||||
// Dyno curve
|
||||
float torqueNm = crankshaft.AverageTorque;
|
||||
UpdateDynoCurve(rpm, powerKw, torqueNm);
|
||||
DrawDynoCurve(target, winW - 410f, winH - 260f, 400f, 250f, rpm, powerKw);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user