Open end working

This commit is contained in:
2026-05-07 12:55:57 +02:00
parent bc0df51ddb
commit 685b48b577
7 changed files with 355 additions and 330 deletions

View File

@@ -4,10 +4,8 @@ using FluidSim.Interfaces;
namespace FluidSim.Components
{
/// <summary>
/// 1D compressible Euler pipe (finitevolume, HLLC flux).
/// Boundary conditions are set externally via SetGhostLeft/Right.
/// Enforces that ghosts are always valid before stepping.
/// Uses exponential damping and Newtonian energy relaxation.
/// 1D compressible Euler pipe with LaxFriedrichs finitevolume scheme.
/// Ghost states are set externally via SetGhostLeft/Right; they are always required.
/// </summary>
public class Pipe1D : IComponent
{
@@ -17,7 +15,6 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
public double DampingMultiplier { get; set; } = 1.0;
public double EnergyRelaxationRate { get; set; } = 0.0; // 1/s
// Ambient pressure for the energy relaxation term (default 101325 Pa)
private double _ambientPressure = 101325.0;
public double AmbientPressure
{
@@ -29,37 +26,21 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
}
}
// Geometry
private readonly int _n; // number of real cells
private readonly double _dx; // cell size (m)
private readonly double _diameter; // m
private readonly int _n;
private readonly double _dx;
private readonly double _diameter;
private readonly double _gamma = 1.4;
// Conserved variables [0 .. _n-1]
private double[] _rho;
private double[] _rhou;
private double[] _E;
private double[] _rho, _rhou, _E;
private double[] _fluxM, _fluxP, _fluxE; // flux at cell faces (0.._n)
// Face fluxes [0 .. _n]
private double[] _fluxM;
private double[] _fluxP;
private double[] _fluxE;
// Ghost cells (set externally)
private double _rhoGhostL, _uGhostL, _pGhostL;
private double _rhoGhostR, _uGhostR, _pGhostR;
private bool _ghostLValid, _ghostRValid;
// Precomputed damping coefficient
private double _laminarCoeff;
private double _ambientEnergyReference; // internal energy density at ambient pressure
private double _ambientEnergyReference;
/// <summary>
/// Initialise a pipe with a given cell count.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="length">Pipe length (m).</param>
/// <param name="area">Crosssectional area (m²).</param>
/// <param name="cellCount">Number of finitevolume cells (≥ 4).</param>
public Pipe1D(double length, double area, int cellCount)
{
if (cellCount < 4) throw new ArgumentException("cellCount must be at least 4");
@@ -77,48 +58,32 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
_fluxP = new double[_n + 1];
_fluxE = new double[_n + 1];
// Laminar damping coefficient for air at 20°C (multiplied by DampingMultiplier each step)
double mu_air = 1.8e-5;
double radius = _diameter * 0.5;
_laminarCoeff = 8.0 * mu_air / (radius * radius);
// Ambient energy reference (internal energy per unit volume at 101325 Pa)
_ambientEnergyReference = 101325.0 / (_gamma - 1.0);
PortA = new Port { Owner = this };
PortB = new Port { Owner = this };
// Initial state = still air at ambient conditions
SetUniformState(1.225, 0.0, 101325.0);
}
IReadOnlyList<Port> IComponent.Ports => new[] { PortA, PortB };
// No integration needed for pipes state is advanced via substeps
public void UpdateState(double dt) { }
// ---------- Ghost cell interface ----------
// ---------- Ghost interface ----------
public void SetGhostLeft(double rho, double u, double p)
{
_rhoGhostL = rho;
_uGhostL = u;
_pGhostL = p;
_ghostLValid = true;
_rhoGhostL = rho; _uGhostL = u; _pGhostL = p; _ghostLValid = true;
}
public void SetGhostRight(double rho, double u, double p)
{
_rhoGhostR = rho;
_uGhostR = u;
_pGhostR = p;
_ghostRValid = true;
}
public void ClearGhostFlags()
{
_ghostLValid = false;
_ghostRValid = false;
_rhoGhostR = rho; _uGhostR = u; _pGhostR = p; _ghostRValid = true;
}
public void ClearGhostFlags() { _ghostLValid = false; _ghostRValid = false; }
public (double rho, double u, double p) GetInteriorStateLeft()
{
@@ -127,7 +92,6 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
double p = PressureScalar(0);
return (rho, u, p);
}
public (double rho, double u, double p) GetInteriorStateRight()
{
double rho = Math.Max(_rho[_n - 1], 1e-12);
@@ -135,18 +99,11 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
double p = PressureScalar(_n - 1);
return (rho, u, p);
}
public int CellCount => _n;
public double GetCellDensity(int i) => _rho[i];
public double GetCellVelocity(int i)
{
double rho = Math.Max(_rho[i], 1e-12);
return _rhou[i] / rho;
}
public double GetCellVelocity(int i) => _rhou[i] / Math.Max(_rho[i], 1e-12);
public double GetCellPressure(int i) => PressureScalar(i);
// ---------- Substepping ----------
public int GetRequiredSubSteps(double dtGlobal, double cflTarget = 0.8)
{
double maxW = 0.0;
@@ -163,38 +120,65 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
return Math.Max(1, (int)Math.Ceiling(dtGlobal * maxW / (cflTarget * _dx)));
}
// ---------- Main simulation step (per substep) ----------
// ---------- Main step (per substep) ----------
public void SimulateSingleStep(double dtSub)
{
// Enforce that both ends have been provided with ghost states
if (!_ghostLValid || !_ghostRValid)
throw new InvalidOperationException("Pipe boundary ghosts not set before SimulateSingleStep.");
throw new InvalidOperationException("Ghost cells not set before SimulateSingleStep.");
double dt = dtSub;
int n = _n;
// Left boundary face (index 0)
HLLCFlux(_rhoGhostL, _uGhostL, _pGhostL, _rho[0], _rhou[0] / _rho[0], PressureScalar(0),
out _fluxM[0], out _fluxP[0], out _fluxE[0]);
// ---- Compute fluxes at all faces using LaxFriedrichs ----
// Left face (0): between ghostL and cell 0
double rL = Math.Max(_rhoGhostL, 1e-12);
double pL = _pGhostL;
double uL = _uGhostL;
double eL = pL / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rL) + 0.5 * uL * uL;
double rR = Math.Max(_rho[0], 1e-12);
double pR = PressureScalar(0);
double uR = _rhou[0] / rR;
double eR = pR / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rR) + 0.5 * uR * uR;
LaxFriedrichsFlux(rL, uL, pL, eL, rR, uR, pR, eR,
out _fluxM[0], out _fluxP[0], out _fluxE[0]);
// Internal faces (1 .. n-1)
for (int f = 1; f < n; f++)
{
double rhoL = Math.Max(_rho[f - 1], 1e-12);
double uL = _rhou[f - 1] / rhoL;
double pL = PressureScalar(f - 1);
double rhoR = Math.Max(_rho[f], 1e-12);
double uR = _rhou[f] / rhoR;
double pR = PressureScalar(f);
HLLCFlux(rhoL, uL, pL, rhoR, uR, pR, out _fluxM[f], out _fluxP[f], out _fluxE[f]);
int iL = f - 1;
int iR = f;
rL = Math.Max(_rho[iL], 1e-12);
pL = PressureScalar(iL);
uL = _rhou[iL] / rL;
eL = pL / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rL) + 0.5 * uL * uL;
rR = Math.Max(_rho[iR], 1e-12);
pR = PressureScalar(iR);
uR = _rhou[iR] / rR;
eR = pR / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rR) + 0.5 * uR * uR;
LaxFriedrichsFlux(rL, uL, pL, eL, rR, uR, pR, eR,
out _fluxM[f], out _fluxP[f], out _fluxE[f]);
}
// Right boundary face (index n)
HLLCFlux(_rho[_n - 1], _rhou[_n - 1] / _rho[_n - 1], PressureScalar(_n - 1),
_rhoGhostR, _uGhostR, _pGhostR,
out _fluxM[n], out _fluxP[n], out _fluxE[n]);
// Right face (n): between cell n-1 and ghostR
rL = Math.Max(_rho[n - 1], 1e-12);
pL = PressureScalar(n - 1);
uL = _rhou[n - 1] / rL;
eL = pL / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rL) + 0.5 * uL * uL;
// Cell update
rR = Math.Max(_rhoGhostR, 1e-12);
pR = _pGhostR;
uR = _uGhostR;
eR = pR / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rR) + 0.5 * uR * uR;
LaxFriedrichsFlux(rL, uL, pL, eL, rR, uR, pR, eR,
out _fluxM[n], out _fluxP[n], out _fluxE[n]);
// ---- Cell update ----
double dt_dx = dt / _dx;
double coeff = _laminarCoeff * DampingMultiplier;
double relaxRate = EnergyRelaxationRate;
@@ -213,15 +197,12 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
double newRu = ru - dt_dx * dP;
double newE = E - dt_dx * dE_flux;
// Wall friction damping (laminar)
double dampingFactor = Math.Exp(-coeff / Math.Max(r, 1e-12) * dt);
newRu *= dampingFactor;
// Newtonian cooling toward ambient energy
double relaxFactor = Math.Exp(-relaxRate * dt);
newE = _ambientEnergyReference + (newE - _ambientEnergyReference) * relaxFactor;
// Clamps minimum density 1e-12, minimum pressure 100 Pa
newR = Math.Max(newR, 1e-12);
double kin = 0.5 * newRu * newRu / Math.Max(newR, 1e-12);
double eMin = 100.0 / (_gamma - 1.0) + kin;
@@ -232,77 +213,54 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
_E[i] = newE;
}
// Update port states to reflect the current interior state (for audio / monitoring)
// Update port states
(double rhoA, double uA, double pA) = GetInteriorStateLeft();
PortA.Pressure = pA;
PortA.Density = rhoA;
PortA.Pressure = pA; PortA.Density = rhoA;
PortA.Temperature = pA / (rhoA * 287.0);
PortA.SpecificEnthalpy = _gamma / (_gamma - 1.0) * pA / rhoA;
(double rhoB, double uB, double pB) = GetInteriorStateRight();
PortB.Pressure = pB;
PortB.Density = rhoB;
PortB.Pressure = pB; PortB.Density = rhoB;
PortB.Temperature = pB / (rhoB * 287.0);
PortB.SpecificEnthalpy = _gamma / (_gamma - 1.0) * pB / rhoB;
}
// ---------- Private helpers ----------
// ---------- LaxFriedrichs flux ----------
private void LaxFriedrichsFlux(double rL, double uL, double pL, double eL,
double rR, double uR, double pR, double eR,
out double fm, out double fp, out double fe)
{
// Primitive states
double rhoL = rL, rhoR = rR;
double EL = rhoL * eL; // total energy per volume = rho * (specific total energy)
double ER = rhoR * eR;
// Conserved vectors U = (ρ, ρu, E)
// Flux F = (ρu, ρu²+p, (E+p)u)
double Fm_L = rhoL * uL;
double Fp_L = rhoL * uL * uL + pL;
double Fe_L = (EL + pL) * uL;
double Fm_R = rhoR * uR;
double Fp_R = rhoR * uR * uR + pR;
double Fe_R = (ER + pR) * uR;
// LaxFriedrichs dissipation coefficient α = max(|u|+c) over whole domain, but here we use local max to be simple:
double cL = Math.Sqrt(_gamma * pL / rL);
double cR = Math.Sqrt(_gamma * pR / rR);
double alpha = Math.Max(Math.Abs(uL) + cL, Math.Abs(uR) + cR);
fm = 0.5 * (Fm_L + Fm_R) - 0.5 * alpha * (rhoR - rhoL);
fp = 0.5 * (Fp_L + Fp_R) - 0.5 * alpha * (rhoR * uR - rhoL * uL);
fe = 0.5 * (Fe_L + Fe_R) - 0.5 * alpha * (ER - EL);
}
private double PressureScalar(int i)
{
double rho = Math.Max(_rho[i], 1e-12);
return (_gamma - 1.0) * (_E[i] - 0.5 * _rhou[i] * _rhou[i] / rho);
}
/// <summary>
/// HLLC approximate Riemann solver (Toro, 1997).
/// Computes the numerical flux at a face given left and right states.
/// </summary>
private void HLLCFlux(double rL, double uL, double pL, double rR, double uR, double pR,
out double fm, out double fp, out double fe)
{
double cL = Math.Sqrt(_gamma * pL / rL);
double cR = Math.Sqrt(_gamma * pR / rR);
double EL = pL / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rL) + 0.5 * uL * uL; // specific total energy
double ER = pR / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rR) + 0.5 * uR * uR;
// Wave speed estimates (Davis, 1988)
double SL = Math.Min(uL - cL, uR - cR);
double SR = Math.Max(uL + cL, uR + cR);
double denom = rL * (SL - uL) - rR * (SR - uR);
double Ss = (pR - pL + rL * uL * (SL - uL) - rR * uR * (SR - uR)) / denom;
double Fm_L = rL * uL;
double Fp_L = rL * uL * uL + pL;
double Fe_L = (rL * EL + pL) * uL;
double Fm_R = rR * uR;
double Fp_R = rR * uR * uR + pR;
double Fe_R = (rR * ER + pR) * uR;
if (SL >= 0) { fm = Fm_L; fp = Fp_L; fe = Fe_L; }
else if (SR <= 0) { fm = Fm_R; fp = Fp_R; fe = Fe_R; }
else if (Ss >= 0)
{
double rsL = rL * (SL - uL) / (SL - Ss);
double ps = pL + rL * (SL - uL) * (Ss - uL);
double EsL = EL + (Ss - uL) * (Ss + pL / (rL * (SL - uL)));
fm = rsL * Ss;
fp = rsL * Ss * Ss + ps;
fe = (rsL * EsL + ps) * Ss;
}
else
{
double rsR = rR * (SR - uR) / (SR - Ss);
double ps = pR + rR * (SR - uR) * (Ss - uR);
double EsR = ER + (Ss - uR) * (Ss + pR / (rR * (SR - uR)));
fm = rsR * Ss;
fp = rsR * Ss * Ss + ps;
fe = (rsR * EsR + ps) * Ss;
}
}
/// <summary>Initialise all cells to a uniform state (rho, u, p).</summary>
public void SetUniformState(double rho, double u, double p)
{
double e = p / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rho);
@@ -314,5 +272,24 @@ namespace FluidSim.Components
_E[i] = E;
}
}
public void SetCellState(int i, double rho, double u, double p)
{
if (i < 0 || i >= _n) return;
double e = p / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rho);
double E = rho * e + 0.5 * rho * u * u;
_rho[i] = rho;
_rhou[i] = rho * u;
_E[i] = E;
}
public void SetCellPressure(int i, double p)
{
if (i < 0 || i >= _n) return;
double rho = _rho[i];
double u = _rhou[i] / rho;
double e = p / ((_gamma - 1.0) * rho);
_E[i] = rho * e + 0.5 * rho * u * u;
}
}
}

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@@ -4,38 +4,38 @@ namespace FluidSim.Core
{
/// <summary>
/// Compressible flow through an orifice, modelled as an isentropic nozzle.
/// Supports choked and unchoked flow, forward and reverse.
/// The caller provides the upstream stagnation state (pUp, rhoUp, TUp),
/// downstream pressure, orifice area, discharge coefficient, and gas properties.
/// Returns the face state and mass flow from upstream to downstream.
/// </summary>
public static class IsentropicOrifice
{
/// <summary>
/// Compute mass flow and face primitive state for an orifice.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="pUp">Upstream stagnation pressure (Pa).</param>
/// <param name="rhoUp">Upstream stagnation density (kg/m³).</param>
/// <param name="gamma">Ratio of specific heats.</param>
/// <param name="R">Specific gas constant (J/kg·K).</param>
/// <param name="pDown">Downstream static pressure (Pa).</param>
/// <param name="area">Effective orifice area (m²).</param>
/// <param name="Cd">Discharge coefficient (default 0.62).</param>
/// <param name="mdot">Mass flow rate (kg/s), positive from upstream to downstream.</param>
/// <param name="rhoFace">Face density (kg/m³).</param>
/// <param name="uFace">Face velocity (m/s).</param>
/// <param name="pFace">Face pressure (Pa).</param>
public static void Compute(double pUp, double rhoUp, double TUp, double gamma, double R,
double pDown, double area, double Cd,
out double mdot, out double rhoFace, out double uFace, out double pFace)
public static void Compute(
double pUp, double rhoUp, double TUp, // upstream stagnation
double pDown, // downstream back pressure
double gamma, double R, double area, double Cd,
out double mdot, out double rhoFace, out double uFace, out double pFace)
{
// mdot is positive from upstream to downstream.
double pr = Math.Max(pDown / pUp, 1e-6);
double prCrit = Math.Pow(2.0 / (gamma + 1.0), gamma / (gamma - 1.0));
if (pr < prCrit) pr = prCrit;
mdot = 0; rhoFace = rhoUp; uFace = 0; pFace = pUp;
double M = Math.Sqrt((2.0 / (gamma - 1.0)) * (Math.Pow(pr, -(gamma - 1.0) / gamma) - 1.0));
uFace = M * Math.Sqrt(gamma * R * TUp);
if (area <= 0 || pUp <= 0 || rhoUp <= 0 || TUp <= 0)
return;
double pr = pDown / pUp;
if (pr < 1e-6) pr = 1e-6;
double prCrit = Math.Pow(2.0 / (gamma + 1.0), gamma / (gamma - 1.0));
if (pr < prCrit) pr = prCrit; // choked flow
double exponent = (gamma - 1.0) / gamma;
double M = Math.Sqrt((2.0 / (gamma - 1.0)) * (Math.Pow(pr, -exponent) - 1.0));
if (double.IsNaN(M)) M = 0;
double aUp = Math.Sqrt(gamma * R * TUp);
uFace = M * aUp;
rhoFace = rhoUp * Math.Pow(pr, 1.0 / gamma);
pFace = pUp * pr;
mdot = rhoFace * uFace * area * Cd; // mass flow from upstream to downstream
mdot = rhoFace * uFace * area * Cd; // positive from upstream to downstream
}
}
}

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@@ -3,19 +3,15 @@ using FluidSim.Components;
namespace FluidSim.Core
{
/// <summary>
/// Characteristic openend boundary condition.
/// For subsonic outflow the outgoing Riemann invariant is conserved,
/// and the ghost pressure is set to the prescribed ambient value.
/// </summary>
public class OpenEndLink
{
public Pipe1D Pipe { get; }
public bool IsLeftEnd { get; }
public double AmbientPressure { get; set; } = 101325.0;
public double Gamma { get; set; } = 1.4;
public double GasConstant { get; set; } = 287.0;
public double AmbientTemperature { get; set; } = 300.0;
// Last resolved state (for audio / monitoring)
public double LastMassFlowRate { get; private set; }
public double LastFaceDensity { get; private set; }
public double LastFaceVelocity { get; private set; }
@@ -27,9 +23,6 @@ namespace FluidSim.Core
IsLeftEnd = isLeftEnd;
}
/// <summary>
/// Compute the ghost state and mass flow for one substep.
/// </summary>
public void Resolve(double dtSub)
{
(double rhoInt, double uInt, double pInt) = IsLeftEnd
@@ -40,80 +33,61 @@ namespace FluidSim.Core
double gm1 = gamma - 1.0;
double cInt = Math.Sqrt(gamma * pInt / Math.Max(rhoInt, 1e-12));
double pAmb = AmbientPressure;
double rhoAmb = pAmb / (GasConstant * AmbientTemperature);
double aAmb = Math.Sqrt(gamma * pAmb / rhoAmb);
double rhoGhost, uGhost, pGhost;
double mdot;
if (IsLeftEnd)
// ----- Supersonic outflow: extrapolate interior -----
bool supersonicOut = IsLeftEnd ? (uInt <= -cInt) : (uInt >= cInt);
if (supersonicOut)
{
// Left end: outgoing invariant is J- = u - 2c/(γ-1)
rhoGhost = rhoInt;
uGhost = uInt;
pGhost = pInt;
}
else
{
// Riemann invariants
double J_plus = uInt + 2.0 * cInt / gm1;
double J_minus = uInt - 2.0 * cInt / gm1;
if (uInt <= -cInt) // supersonic inflow (all info from outside)
{
// Simple reservoir model use ambient density and temperature 300 K
rhoGhost = pAmb / (287.0 * 300.0);
uGhost = uInt; // keep interior velocity (should be supersonic inward)
pGhost = pAmb;
}
else if (uInt < 0) // subsonic inflow
{
double rhoAmb = pAmb / (287.0 * 300.0);
double cAmb = Math.Sqrt(gamma * pAmb / rhoAmb);
uGhost = J_minus + 2.0 * cAmb / gm1;
rhoGhost = rhoAmb;
pGhost = pAmb;
}
else // subsonic outflow (uInt >= 0)
{
double s = pInt / Math.Pow(rhoInt, gamma);
rhoGhost = Math.Pow(pAmb / s, 1.0 / gamma);
double cGhost = Math.Sqrt(gamma * pAmb / rhoGhost);
uGhost = J_minus + 2.0 * cGhost / gm1;
if (uGhost < 0) uGhost = 0;
pGhost = pAmb;
}
}
else // Right end
{
// Right end: outgoing invariant is J+ = u + 2c/(γ-1)
double J_plus = uInt + 2.0 * cInt / gm1;
// Trial subsonic outflow ghost state
double s = pInt / Math.Pow(rhoInt, gamma);
double rhoOut = Math.Pow(pAmb / s, 1.0 / gamma);
double cOut = Math.Sqrt(gamma * pAmb / rhoOut);
double uOut = IsLeftEnd
? (J_minus + 2.0 * cOut / gm1)
: (J_plus - 2.0 * cOut / gm1);
if (uInt >= cInt) // supersonic outflow
bool outflowPossible = IsLeftEnd ? (uOut <= 0) : (uOut >= 0);
if (outflowPossible)
{
rhoGhost = rhoInt;
uGhost = uInt;
pGhost = pInt;
}
else if (uInt >= 0) // subsonic outflow
{
double s = pInt / Math.Pow(rhoInt, gamma);
rhoGhost = Math.Pow(pAmb / s, 1.0 / gamma);
double cGhost = Math.Sqrt(gamma * pAmb / rhoGhost);
uGhost = J_plus - 2.0 * cGhost / gm1;
if (uGhost < 0) uGhost = 0;
// Subsonic outflow
pGhost = pAmb;
rhoGhost = rhoOut;
uGhost = uOut;
}
else // subsonic inflow (uInt < 0)
else
{
double rhoAmb = pAmb / (287.0 * 300.0);
double cAmb = Math.Sqrt(gamma * pAmb / rhoAmb);
uGhost = J_plus - 2.0 * cAmb / gm1;
// Subsonic inflow (ambient reservoir model)
pGhost = pAmb;
rhoGhost = rhoAmb;
pGhost = pAmb;
uGhost = IsLeftEnd
? (J_minus + 2.0 * aAmb / gm1)
: (J_plus - 2.0 * aAmb / gm1);
}
}
// Apply ghost to pipe
if (IsLeftEnd)
Pipe.SetGhostLeft(rhoGhost, uGhost, pGhost);
else
Pipe.SetGhostRight(rhoGhost, uGhost, pGhost);
// Mass flow (positive = out of pipe)
double area = Pipe.Area;
mdot = rhoGhost * uGhost * area;
if (IsLeftEnd) mdot = -mdot; // positive u into pipe, so out of pipe is negative u
double mdot = rhoGhost * uGhost * area;
if (IsLeftEnd) mdot = -mdot;
LastMassFlowRate = mdot;
LastFaceDensity = rhoGhost;
LastFaceVelocity = uGhost;

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@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ namespace FluidSim.Core
{
/// <summary>
/// Connects a port (volume or atmosphere) to one end of a pipe via an orifice.
/// The area can be dynamic (Func<double>).
/// Uses the isentropic nozzle model for the steadystate relationship,
/// and includes acoustic inertance for dynamic (Helmholtz) behaviour.
/// </summary>
public class OrificeLink
{
@@ -15,105 +16,131 @@ namespace FluidSim.Core
public bool IsPipeLeftEnd { get; }
public Func<double> AreaProvider { get; set; }
public double DischargeCoefficient { get; set; } = 0.62;
public double Gamma { get; set; } = 1.4;
public double GasConstant { get; set; } = 287.0;
// Last resolved state (for audio/monitoring)
// Acoustic length (wall thickness + end correction) controls the resonance frequency
public double EffectiveLength { get; set; } = 0.001; // 1 mm
// Whether to include inertance; if false, uses the steadystate nozzle model directly
public bool UseInertance { get; set; } = true;
// Current mass flow (kg/s, positive = volume → pipe)
private double _mdot;
public double LastMassFlowRate { get; private set; }
public double LastFaceDensity { get; private set; }
public double LastFaceVelocity { get; private set; }
public double LastFacePressure { get; private set; }
public OrificeLink(Port volumePort, Pipe1D pipe, bool isPipeLeftEnd, Func<double> areaProvider)
public OrificeLink(Port? volumePort, Pipe1D pipe, bool isPipeLeftEnd, Func<double> areaProvider)
{
VolumePort = volumePort ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(volumePort));
VolumePort = volumePort; // null is allowed
Pipe = pipe ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(pipe));
IsPipeLeftEnd = isPipeLeftEnd;
AreaProvider = areaProvider ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(areaProvider));
_mdot = 0.0;
}
/// <summary>
/// Resolve the coupling for one substep. Computes nozzle flow (isentropic)
/// and sets the pipe ghost cell and the port flow rates.
/// </summary>
public void Resolve(double dtSub)
{
double area = AreaProvider();
if (area < 1e-12)
// Closed wall or missing volume port => reflective boundary
if (area < 1e-12 || VolumePort == null)
{
SetClosedWall();
return;
}
// Retrieve volume state
double volP = VolumePort.Pressure;
// Gather volume state
double volP = VolumePort.Pressure;
double volRho = VolumePort.Density;
double volT = VolumePort.Temperature;
double volH = VolumePort.SpecificEnthalpy;
double volT = VolumePort.Temperature;
double volH = VolumePort.SpecificEnthalpy;
// Retrieve pipe interior state at the connected end
// Gather pipe interior state at the connected end
(double pipeRho, double pipeU, double pipeP) = IsPipeLeftEnd
? Pipe.GetInteriorStateLeft()
: Pipe.GetInteriorStateRight();
// Determine upstream/downstream: if volume pressure > pipe pressure, flow is out of volume (negative into volume).
bool flowOutOfVolume = volP > pipeP;
double pUp, rhoUp, TUp, pDown;
if (flowOutOfVolume)
double pipeT = pipeP / Math.Max(pipeRho * 287.0, 1e-12);
double gamma = 1.4;
double R = 287.0;
// ---- Steadystate mass flow from isentropic nozzle ----
double mdotSS; // positive = volume → pipe
double rhoFace, uFace, pFace;
if (volP >= pipeP)
{
pUp = volP; rhoUp = volRho; TUp = volT; pDown = pipeP;
IsentropicOrifice.Compute(volP, volRho, volT, pipeP, gamma, R, area, DischargeCoefficient,
out double mdotUpToDown, out rhoFace, out uFace, out pFace);
mdotSS = mdotUpToDown; // volume → pipe
}
else
{
// Pipe is upstream
pUp = pipeP; rhoUp = pipeRho; TUp = pipeP / (pipeRho * GasConstant); // temperature from pipe
pDown = volP;
IsentropicOrifice.Compute(pipeP, pipeRho, pipeT, volP, gamma, R, area, DischargeCoefficient,
out double mdotUpToDown, out rhoFace, out uFace, out pFace);
mdotSS = -mdotUpToDown; // pipe → volume → negative for volume→pipe convention
}
// Compute isentropic nozzle flow
IsentropicOrifice.Compute(pUp, rhoUp, TUp, Gamma, GasConstant, pDown, area, DischargeCoefficient,
out double mdotUpstreamToDown, out double rhoFace, out double uFace, out double pFace);
// mdotUpstreamToDown is positive from upstream to downstream.
// Convert to mass flow into volume (positive mdot = into volume).
double mdotVolume;
if (flowOutOfVolume)
mdotVolume = -mdotUpstreamToDown; // out of volume is negative
// ---- Inertance ODE (optional) ----
if (UseInertance)
{
double rhoUp = _mdot >= 0 ? volRho : pipeRho;
double inertance = rhoUp * EffectiveLength / area;
double dp = volP - pipeP;
double resistance = Math.Abs(dp) / Math.Max(Math.Abs(mdotSS), 1e-12);
double dmdot_dt = (dp - resistance * _mdot) / inertance;
_mdot += dmdot_dt * dtSub;
}
else
mdotVolume = mdotUpstreamToDown; // into volume is positive
{
_mdot = mdotSS;
}
// Clamp mass flow to available mass in volume (if it is a Volume0D)
// Clamp outflow to available mass (if finite volume)
if (VolumePort.Owner is Volume0D vol)
{
double maxMdot = vol.Mass / dtSub;
if (mdotVolume > maxMdot) mdotVolume = maxMdot;
if (mdotVolume < -maxMdot) mdotVolume = -maxMdot;
double maxOut = vol.Mass / dtSub;
if (_mdot > maxOut) _mdot = maxOut;
}
// Apply ghost state to pipe
// ---- Ghost state ----
// Density = upstream density (consistent with current flow direction)
rhoFace = _mdot >= 0 ? volRho : pipeRho;
// Pressure = downstream pressure (consistent with nozzle exit)
pFace = _mdot >= 0 ? pipeP : volP;
// Velocity magnitude derived from actual mass flow
double mdotMag = Math.Abs(_mdot);
uFace = mdotMag / (rhoFace * area);
if (IsPipeLeftEnd)
uFace = _mdot >= 0 ? uFace : -uFace; // left end: positive u = into pipe
else
uFace = _mdot >= 0 ? -uFace : uFace; // right end: positive u = out of pipe
// Apply ghost to pipe
if (IsPipeLeftEnd)
Pipe.SetGhostLeft(rhoFace, uFace, pFace);
else
Pipe.SetGhostRight(rhoFace, uFace, pFace);
// Store results
LastMassFlowRate = mdotVolume;
LastFaceDensity = rhoFace;
// ---- Store results ----
double mdotIntoVolume = -_mdot; // positive = into volume
LastMassFlowRate = mdotIntoVolume;
LastFaceDensity = rhoFace;
LastFaceVelocity = uFace;
LastFacePressure = pFace;
// Set port flow rates for volume integration
VolumePort.MassFlowRate = mdotVolume;
if (mdotVolume >= 0)
VolumePort.MassFlowRate = mdotIntoVolume;
// Enthalpy for volume integration
if (mdotIntoVolume >= 0) // inflow → pipe enthalpy
{
// Inflow: enthalpy comes from upstream (pipe)
double pPipe = pipeP;
double rhoPipe = pipeRho;
VolumePort.SpecificEnthalpy = Gamma / (Gamma - 1.0) * pPipe / rhoPipe;
double hPipe = gamma / (gamma - 1.0) * pipeP / Math.Max(pipeRho, 1e-12);
VolumePort.SpecificEnthalpy = hPipe;
}
else
else // outflow → volume's own enthalpy
{
// Outflow: volume's own specific enthalpy
VolumePort.SpecificEnthalpy = volH;
}
}
@@ -130,11 +157,12 @@ namespace FluidSim.Core
Pipe.SetGhostRight(rInt, -uInt, pInt);
LastMassFlowRate = 0.0;
LastFaceDensity = rInt;
LastFaceDensity = rInt;
LastFaceVelocity = 0.0;
LastFacePressure = pInt;
VolumePort.MassFlowRate = 0.0;
// Keep specific enthalpy as is (not used)
// Don't touch VolumePort if it's null
if (VolumePort != null)
VolumePort.MassFlowRate = 0.0;
}
}
}

View File

@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
using System;
using FluidSim.Interfaces;
using FluidSim.Core;
namespace FluidSim.Core
{
public class SoundProcessor
{
private readonly double dt;
private readonly double scaleFactor; // 1 / (4π r) and a user gain
private readonly double scaleFactor; // 1 / (4π r)
private double prevMassFlowOut;
// Simple lowpass for derivative smoothing (≈ 23 ms)
private double smoothDMdt;
private readonly double alpha;
// New: lowpass the mass flow signal before derivative
private double flowLP;
private readonly double lpAlpha;
public float Gain { get; set; } = 1.0f;
public SoundProcessor(int sampleRate, double listenerDistanceMeters = 1.0)
@@ -20,29 +22,34 @@ namespace FluidSim.Core
dt = 1.0 / sampleRate;
scaleFactor = 1.0 / (4.0 * Math.PI * listenerDistanceMeters);
// Smoothing time constant ~ 2 ms, blocks singlesample spikes
double tau = 0.002;
// Smoothing time constant for the derivative: 10 ms (much smoother)
double tau = 0.010; // 10 ms
alpha = Math.Exp(-dt / tau);
// Lowpass time constant for the mass flow: 5 ms (kneecap highfreq directly)
double tauLP = 0.005;
lpAlpha = Math.Exp(-dt / tauLP);
}
public float Process(Port port)
public float Process(OpenEndLink openEnd)
{
// Outflow mass flow (positive = leaving pipe)
double flowOut = -port.MassFlowRate;
double flowOut = openEnd.LastMassFlowRate;
// Derivative
double rawDerivative = (flowOut - prevMassFlowOut) / dt;
prevMassFlowOut = flowOut;
// Lowpass the mass flow signal
flowLP = lpAlpha * flowLP + (1.0 - lpAlpha) * flowOut;
// Smooth the derivative to kill isolated spikes
// Derivative of the smoothed mass flow
double rawDerivative = (flowLP - prevMassFlowOut) / dt;
prevMassFlowOut = flowLP;
// Smooth the derivative
smoothDMdt = alpha * smoothDMdt + (1.0 - alpha) * rawDerivative;
// Farfield monopole pressure
double pressure = smoothDMdt * scaleFactor * Gain;
// Soft clip to ±1 for audio output (safe limit)
float sample = (float)Math.Tanh(pressure);
return sample;
// Soft clip to ±1 (should rarely trigger now)
return (float)Math.Tanh(pressure);
}
}
}

View File

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ public class Program
private static Scenario scenario;
// Speed control (existing + new throttle)
private static double desiredSpeed = 0.01;
private static double desiredSpeed = 0.001;
//private static double desiredSpeed = 1.0;
private static double currentSpeed = desiredSpeed;
private const double MinSpeed = 0.0001;
private const double MaxSpeed = 1.0;

View File

@@ -9,40 +9,41 @@ namespace FluidSim.Tests
public class TestScenario : Scenario
{
private Solver solver;
private Volume0D volume;
private Pipe1D pipe;
private Atmosphere atmosphere;
private OrificeLink orificeLink;
private OpenEndLink openEndLink;
private OrificeLink closedEnd; // left end closed wall
private OpenEndLink openEndLink; // right end atmosphere
private SoundProcessor soundProcessor;
private OutdoorExhaustReverb reverb;
private int stepCount;
private double simTime; // elapsed simulation time (seconds)
private double pulseInterval = 0.1; // seconds between pulses
private double nextPulseTime;
private double dt;
public override void Initialize(int sampleRate)
{
double dt = 1.0 / sampleRate;
dt = 1.0 / sampleRate;
soundProcessor = new SoundProcessor(sampleRate, 1);
soundProcessor.Gain = 10;
reverb = new OutdoorExhaustReverb(sampleRate);
solver = new Solver();
solver.SetTimeStep(dt);
volume = new Volume0D(1e-3, 150000.0, 300.0);
solver.AddComponent(volume);
pipe = new Pipe1D(2.0, 1e-4, 20);
// Pipe: 2 m long, 1 cm² area, 200 cells
pipe = new Pipe1D(length: 2, area: 1e-4, cellCount: 100);
solver.AddComponent(pipe);
atmosphere = new Atmosphere();
solver.AddComponent(atmosphere);
// Initially pipe at ambient conditions
pipe.SetUniformState(1.225, 0.0, 101325.0);
// Volume → left pipe end (orifice)
var volPort = volume.CreatePort();
orificeLink = new OrificeLink(volPort, pipe, isPipeLeftEnd: true, areaProvider: () => 1e-5)
{
DischargeCoefficient = 0.62,
Gamma = volume.Gamma,
GasConstant = volume.GasConstant
};
solver.AddOrificeLink(orificeLink);
// Left end: closed wall (area = 0 → reflective)
closedEnd = new OrificeLink(null, pipe, isPipeLeftEnd: true, areaProvider: () => 0.0);
solver.AddOrificeLink(closedEnd);
// Right pipe end → atmosphere (characteristic openend)
// Right end: open to atmosphere
openEndLink = new OpenEndLink(pipe, isLeftEnd: false)
{
AmbientPressure = 101325.0,
@@ -51,45 +52,82 @@ namespace FluidSim.Tests
solver.AddOpenEndLink(openEndLink);
stepCount = 0;
Console.WriteLine("TestScenario initialized with sampleRate = " + sampleRate);
simTime = 0.0;
nextPulseTime = pulseInterval; // first pulse at 100 ms
Console.WriteLine("Pulse reflection test closed left, open right");
Console.WriteLine("Pulse injected every 100 ms at left end (cell 0)");
}
public override float Process()
{
solver.Step();
stepCount++;
simTime += dt;
if (stepCount % 100 == 0)
// ---- Inject a pressure pulse at the closed end every 100 ms ----
if (simTime >= nextPulseTime)
{
double volPressure = volume.Pressure;
double volMass = volume.Mass;
double pipeLeftPressure = pipe.GetCellPressure(0);
double pipeRightPressure = pipe.GetCellPressure(pipe.CellCount - 1);
double mdotOrifice = orificeLink.LastMassFlowRate;
double mdotOpen = openEndLink.LastMassFlowRate;
// Apply a Gaussian pulse to the first few cells
double ambientPressure = 101325.0;
double pulseAmplitude = 20 * ambientPressure; // 0.5 atm overpressure
double pulseWidth = 0.05; // m (spread over a few cells)
int n = pipe.CellCount;
double dx = 2.0 / n;
Console.WriteLine($"Step {stepCount}:");
Console.WriteLine($" Vol Pressure = {volPressure:F1} Pa, Mass = {volMass:E4} kg");
Console.WriteLine($" Pipe left P = {pipeLeftPressure:F1} Pa, right P = {pipeRightPressure:F1} Pa");
Console.WriteLine($" Orifice mdot = {mdotOrifice:E4} kg/s, Openend mdot = {mdotOpen:E4} kg/s");
Console.WriteLine();
// Only modify cells within 2*pulseWidth from the left end
int maxCell = Math.Min(5, n - 1); // at most the first 5 cells
for (int i = 0; i <= maxCell; i++)
{
double x = (i + 0.5) * dx;
double P = pulseAmplitude * Math.Exp(-x * x / (pulseWidth * pulseWidth));
double currentP = pipe.GetCellPressure(i);
double newP = P;
// Update pressure, keeping density and velocity unchanged
// We recompute total energy accordingly
double rho = pipe.GetCellDensity(i);
double u = pipe.GetCellVelocity(i);
double e = newP / ((1.4 - 1.0) * rho);
double E = rho * e + 0.5 * rho * u * u;
pipe.SetCellState(i, rho, u, newP);
}
Console.WriteLine($"Pulse injected at t = {simTime:F3} s");
nextPulseTime += pulseInterval;
}
// Audio sample from the openend mass flow
return (float)openEndLink.LastMassFlowRate;
// Audio from openend mass flow
float sample = soundProcessor.Process(openEndLink);
// Log every 200 steps
if (stepCount % 1000 == 0)
{
int leftIdx = 0;
int midIdx = pipe.CellCount / 2;
int rightIdx = pipe.CellCount - 1;
double pL = pipe.GetCellPressure(leftIdx);
double pM = pipe.GetCellPressure(midIdx);
double pR = pipe.GetCellPressure(rightIdx);
Console.WriteLine($"Step {stepCount}: P_left={pL:F1} Pa, P_mid={pM:F1} Pa, P_right={pR:F1} Pa");
}
if (double.IsNaN(pipe.GetCellPressure(0)))
{
Console.WriteLine("NaN detected stopping simulation.");
return 0f;
}
return reverb.Process(sample);
}
public override void Draw(RenderWindow target)
{
float winWidth = target.GetView().Size.X;
float winHeight = target.GetView().Size.Y;
float pipeCenterY = winHeight / 2f;
float margin = 60f;
float pipeStartX = margin;
float pipeEndX = winWidth - margin;
// Use the shared pipe drawing from the base class
DrawPipe(target, pipe, pipeCenterY, pipeStartX, pipeEndX);
}
}